Sedimentation speed

Sedimentation speed refers to the rate at which particles in a suspension or slurry settle under the influence of gravity or centrifugal forces. When particles are suspended in a liquid medium, they exhibit a tendency to settle due to gravity or centrifugal forces applied in machines like centrifuges. The rate at which this occurs, known as the sedimentation speed, varies depending on several factors, including the particle’s size, density, shape, and the viscosity of the liquid.

Factors Influencing Sedimentation Speed

Particle Size and Shape

Larger and denser particles generally settle faster due to increased gravitational forces acting on them. The shape of the particles also plays a role. Spherical particles tend to settle more quickly than irregularly shaped ones. This is because spherical particles face less drag resistance compared to non-spherical ones, enabling faster movement through the fluid.

Liquid Viscosity

Higher viscosity fluids create more resistance to particle movement, reducing the sedimentation speed. In industrial processes, choosing the right viscosity is key to optimizing the separation process and achieving the desired sedimentation rate.

Temperature

The temperature of the liquid can influence both the viscosity of the liquid and the settling behavior of the particles. Higher temperatures generally reduce viscosity, which in turn can increase the sedimentation speed.

Centrifugal Force

In centrifugation, a powerful external force is applied to increase sedimentation speed. The speed of the centrifuge, the gravitational field (G-force), and the radius of rotation all impact how quickly particles settle in a centrifugal separator. By manipulating these parameters, sedimentation rates can be significantly enhanced, making centrifugation a powerful method for quick separation.

Sedimentation Speed in Separation Processes

Sedimentation is one of the oldest and most straightforward separation techniques. It relies on the difference in the density of the solid particles and the liquid phase. This difference causes the particles to move downward and settle at the bottom of a container, while the liquid phase remains above. The speed at which this happens directly affects the efficiency and time required for the separation.

In industrial separation, increasing sedimentation speed allows for faster processing and more efficient separation. In processes like wastewater treatment, where large amounts of sludge need to be removed, a high sedimentation speed ensures that contaminants are effectively separated from the water in a short amount of time.

Centrifugation is a common process used in industries such as food production and pharmaceuticals, where the application of high-speed rotational forces dramatically increases sedimentation speed. The use of centrifugal separators can speed up separation processes that would otherwise take much longer under normal gravitational conditions.

Forces Acting on the Particle in Sedimentation

Several forces act on particles during sedimentation, determining how quickly they settle:

• Gravitational Force (Weight): The force pulling the particle downward due to the Earth’s gravity, proportional to its mass.
• Buoyant Force: The upward force exerted by the fluid that opposes gravity. According to Archimedes’ principle, this force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
• Drag Force (Resistance): The resistance experienced by the particle as it moves through the fluid. This force is dependent on the particle’s size, shape, and the viscosity of the fluid. Stokes’ Law is commonly used to describe drag force for small particles.

The balance between these forces determines the sedimentation speed. When the gravitational force equals the buoyant force and the drag force, the particle reaches its terminal velocity, or sedimentation speed.

Calculation of Sedimentation Speed

The sedimentation speed, or terminal velocity, can be calculated using Stokes’ Law for small spherical particles in a viscous fluid:

Where:

• v is the sedimentation velocity (in m/s),
• r is the radius of the particle (in meters),
• ρ_particleis the density of the particle (in kg/m³),
• ρ_fluidis the density of the fluid (in kg/m³),
• η is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (in Pas),
• g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²).

This equation is applicable to small, spherical particles moving at slow speeds (low Reynolds numbers). For non-spherical particles or higher velocities, more complex models are required.

Resource

• Rausch, W. (2016). Particle Separation Technologies in the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries. Springer International Publishing.
• Flottweg SE. (n.d.). Sedimentation Speed – Overview and Calculation. Retrieved from Flottweg Separation Technology Wiki
• Lowenberg, A. (2009). Fundamentals of Centrifugation: Part 2 – Sedimentation. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
• Kuno, H. (2001). Introduction to the Theory of Particle Movement in Fluids. MIT Press.